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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fall mit Luftwiderstand</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Der <b>Fall mit Luftwiderstand</b> ist die Fallbewegung eines Körpers, zum Beispiel die eines <a href="Fallschirmspringer" class="mw-redirect" title="Fallschirmspringer">Fallschirmspringers</a>, bei der der <a href="Luftwiderstand" class="mw-redirect" title="Luftwiderstand">Luftwiderstand</a> die Bewegung nicht als <a href="Freier_Fall" title="Freier Fall">freien Fall</a> ablaufen lässt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unterschied_des_Fallschirmsprungs_zum_freien_Fall">Unterschied des Fallschirmsprungs zum freien Fall</h2></div>
<p>Ohne Luftwiderstand nimmt bei einem Fall in Erdnähe die <a href="Geschwindigkeit" title="Geschwindigkeit">Geschwindigkeit</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e07b00e7fc0847fbd16391c778d65bc25c452597.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.128ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v}" loading="lazy"></span> des fallenden Körpers um im Mittel 9,81 m/s pro Sekunde zu. Damit ist der Fall eine <a href="Gleichm%C3%A4%C3%9Fig_beschleunigte_Bewegung" title="Gleichmäßig beschleunigte Bewegung">gleichmäßig beschleunigte Bewegung</a>. Die <a href="Beschleunigung" title="Beschleunigung">Beschleunigung</a> ist dabei die Erdbeschleunigung. Das heißt, die Geschwindigkeit nimmt linear mit der verstreichenden Fallzeit zu. Nach einer Sekunde hat der frei fallende Körper gegenüber der Erdoberfläche eine Geschwindigkeit von 9,81 m/s (ca. 35 km/h), nach zwei Sekunden 19,62 m/s (ca. 71 km/h) und nach drei Sekunden 106 km/h. Ein Fallschirmspringer hätte nach einer Minute im freien Fall eine Geschwindigkeit von über 2100 km/h erreicht, tatsächlich erreichte <a href="Felix_Baumgartner" title="Felix Baumgartner">Felix Baumgartner</a> aus einem <a href="Stratosph%C3%A4re" title="Stratosphäre">Stratosphären</a>-Ballon in <a href="Red_Bull_Stratos#Der_Rekordsprung" title="Red Bull Stratos">39 km Höhe über 1350 km/h</a>, damit über <a href="Schallgeschwindigkeit" title="Schallgeschwindigkeit">Schallgeschwindigkeit</a>.
</p><p>Tatsächlich wirkt beim <a href="Fallschirmspringen" title="Fallschirmspringen">Fallschirmspringen</a> jedoch auch der Luftwiderstand, welcher quadratisch mit der Geschwindigkeit zunimmt. Die resultierende Beschleunigung entspricht daher nur am Anfang der Erdbeschleunigung, nachher nimmt sie ab, bis nach etwa sieben bis zehn Sekunden die Beschleunigung Null wird. Innerhalb der ersten ca. 300 Höhenmeter wirken Körpergewicht und Luftwiderstand so gegeneinander, dass die typische Fallgrenzgeschwindigkeit von etwa 180 km/h erreicht wird. Der einzelne Fallschirmspringer fällt nun mit der typischen Fallgrenzgeschwindigkeit bis ca. 55 m/s (ca. 198 km/h) des menschlichen Körpers in stabiler Fluglage, also quer zum Fall ausgerichteten Bauchlage mit abgespreizten Armen und Beinen („<a href="Spreadeagle" title="Spreadeagle">Spreadeagle</a>“). Mit dieser Lage wird ein Kilometer Höhe in weniger als 20 Sekunden durchfallen. Tandemsprünge zu zweit wären deutlich schneller und zeitlich kürzer, daher kommt hier ein kleiner Bremsschirm zum Einsatz.
</p><p>In einer geraden, senkrechten pfeilförmigen Haltung mit Kopf oder Füßen voran ist der Luftwiderstand (Koeffizient und Querschnittsfläche) deutlich geringer. In der unteren, also relativ dichten Atmosphäre werden so Maximalgeschwindigkeiten knapp über 500 km/h erreicht.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Berechnung_mit_Differentialgleichungen">Berechnung mit Differentialgleichungen</h2></div>
<p>Der freie Fall betrachtet den Fall eines Körpers in einem Schwerefeld ohne Einfluss eines umgebenden Mediums bzw. Atmosphäre. Dies ist bei geringen Geschwindigkeiten häufig eine vernünftige Näherung. Soll die Beschleunigung jedoch exakt ermittelt werden, müssen der Auftrieb, die Stokes-Reibung und die Newton-Reibung berücksichtigt werden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fall_mit_Auftrieb">Fall mit Auftrieb</h3></div>
<div class="sieheauch" role="navigation" style="font-style:italic;"><span class="sieheauch-text">Siehe auch</span>: <a href="Statischer_Auftrieb" title="Statischer Auftrieb">Statischer Auftrieb</a></div>
<p>Das umgebende Medium wirkt mit einer Kraft auf den Körper, die der Gewichtskraft der Masse des verdrängten Mediums entspricht und dieser entgegengesetzt gerichtet ist. Der Auftrieb ist vernachlässigbar, wenn das Verhältnis <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho _{\text{Körper}}/\rho _{\text{Medium}}\gg 1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>Körper</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>Medium</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>≫<!-- ≫ --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho _{\text{Körper}}/\rho _{\text{Medium}}\gg 1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c7af3dce2a5aab99b64be7b0bcb169e446c47e18.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.505ex; width:19.912ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho _{\text{Körper}}/\rho _{\text{Medium}}\gg 1}" loading="lazy"></span> gilt, wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1f7d439671d1289b6a816e6af7a304be40608d64.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.202ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho }" loading="lazy"></span> die Dichte ist.
</p><p>Beispielsweise lässt sich der Auftrieb von Luftballons in der Luft oder von Menschen im Wasser nicht vernachlässigen.
</p><p>Die Auftriebskraft ist:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{\mathrm {A} }=\rho _{0}\cdot V\cdot g=\rho _{\mathrm {K} }\cdot V\cdot \left({\frac {\rho _{0}}{\rho _{\mathrm {K} }}}\cdot g\right)=m\cdot \left({\frac {\rho _{0}}{\rho _{\mathrm {K} }}}\cdot g\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">K</mi>
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</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">K</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>g</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">K</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>g</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{\mathrm {A} }=\rho _{0}\cdot V\cdot g=\rho _{\mathrm {K} }\cdot V\cdot \left({\frac {\rho _{0}}{\rho _{\mathrm {K} }}}\cdot g\right)=m\cdot \left({\frac {\rho _{0}}{\rho _{\mathrm {K} }}}\cdot g\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cc4a843eb24c8717feace751653d7dde3bf6ad53.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:51.88ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{\mathrm {A} }=\rho _{0}\cdot V\cdot g=\rho _{\mathrm {K} }\cdot V\cdot \left({\frac {\rho _{0}}{\rho _{\mathrm {K} }}}\cdot g\right)=m\cdot \left({\frac {\rho _{0}}{\rho _{\mathrm {K} }}}\cdot g\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> das Volumen des Körpers ist, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho _{\mathrm {K} }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">K</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho _{\mathrm {K} }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6f18449ecd51766d1f871ace73e29aa9e1b6aa82.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.713ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho _{\mathrm {K} }}" loading="lazy"></span> seine Dichte und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho _{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho _{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d9c04a9d26b86af8c6205ba2a6287fd655b6b714.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.256ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho _{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> die Dichte des verdrängten Mediums.
Wir definieren
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g_{\mathrm {A} }:={\frac {\rho _{0}}{\rho _{\mathrm {K} }}}\cdot g}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">K</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>g</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g_{\mathrm {A} }:={\frac {\rho _{0}}{\rho _{\mathrm {K} }}}\cdot g}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f785b340c0097f20f32980afabc2f7e37542d9b7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:12.663ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g_{\mathrm {A} }:={\frac {\rho _{0}}{\rho _{\mathrm {K} }}}\cdot g}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>als Auftriebsbeschleunigung.
Damit erhalten wir für die gesamte Kraft:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F=F_{\mathrm {G} }+F_{\mathrm {A} }=-m\cdot g+m\cdot g_{\mathrm {A} }=-m\cdot (g-g_{\mathrm {A} })=-m\cdot {\tilde {g}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">G</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
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</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F=F_{\mathrm {G} }+F_{\mathrm {A} }=-m\cdot g+m\cdot g_{\mathrm {A} }=-m\cdot (g-g_{\mathrm {A} })=-m\cdot {\tilde {g}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9f58669815dfba7c7600326232ac92f28f8d3e42.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:59.355ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F=F_{\mathrm {G} }+F_{\mathrm {A} }=-m\cdot g+m\cdot g_{\mathrm {A} }=-m\cdot (g-g_{\mathrm {A} })=-m\cdot {\tilde {g}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>wobei
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tilde {g}}:=g-g_{\mathrm {A} }=\left(1-{\frac {\rho _{0}}{\rho _{\mathrm {K} }}}\right)\cdot g}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">K</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>g</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tilde {g}}:=g-g_{\mathrm {A} }=\left(1-{\frac {\rho _{0}}{\rho _{\mathrm {K} }}}\right)\cdot g}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/268c31e04fcdbfbac3f8f5ec2c503c93359ee05d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:28.374ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tilde {g}}:=g-g_{\mathrm {A} }=\left(1-{\frac {\rho _{0}}{\rho _{\mathrm {K} }}}\right)\cdot g}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>als angepasste Fallbeschleunigung bezeichnet wird.
Die Lösung für diese Differentialgleichung ist dann analog zum freien Fall:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z(t)=-{\frac {1}{2}}{\tilde {g}}t^{2}+v_{0}t+z_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z(t)=-{\frac {1}{2}}{\tilde {g}}t^{2}+v_{0}t+z_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a31cbd5124e419cba7fe8830fef8428b5e976f3e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:24.605ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z(t)=-{\frac {1}{2}}{\tilde {g}}t^{2}+v_{0}t+z_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Zu beachten ist, dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tilde {g}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tilde {g}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bcf709e979316ee494a3f076f7e1d97be44a3f8f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.232ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tilde {g}}}" loading="lazy"></span> auch negativ sein kann, falls <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho _{\mathrm {K} }<\rho _{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">K</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo><</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho _{\mathrm {K} }<\rho _{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e071b117d1ed8fdf2f15fe3e39b2a0dec427acbe.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.067ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho _{\mathrm {K} }<\rho _{0}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fall_mit_Stokes-Reibung">Fall mit Stokes-Reibung</h3></div>
<div class="sieheauch" role="navigation" style="font-style:italic;"><span class="sieheauch-text">Siehe auch</span>: <a href="Gesetz_von_Stokes" title="Gesetz von Stokes">Stokes-Reibung</a></div>
<p>Bei kleinen Geschwindigkeiten ist die <a href="Reibung" title="Reibung">Reibung</a> proportional zur Fallgeschwindigkeit:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{\mathrm {R} }=-\beta v}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">R</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mi>v</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{\mathrm {R} }=-\beta v}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3c1f86cabfbf36494281a3c7df5e954bd98af18f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.303ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{\mathrm {R} }=-\beta v}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit einem Reibungskoeffizienten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7ed48a5e36207156fb792fa79d29925d2f7901e8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.332ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta }" loading="lazy"></span>. Die Bewegungsgleichung in z-Richtung (vertikal) lautet daher
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m{\ddot {z}}=-mg-\beta {\dot {z}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>¨<!-- ¨ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m{\ddot {z}}=-mg-\beta {\dot {z}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1b4da17709973082130dd84802c9acad145e8c79.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:16.868ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m{\ddot {z}}=-mg-\beta {\dot {z}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>bzw.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m{\dot {v}}=-mg-\beta v.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m{\dot {v}}=-mg-\beta v.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2918b92daa2d3381829d99c4ba78332b97a07f67.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:17.277ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m{\dot {v}}=-mg-\beta v.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Diese Gleichung führt zu den Ausdrücken
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v(t)=-{\frac {mg}{\beta }}\left(1-e^{-\beta t/m}\right)+v_{0}e^{-\beta t/m}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>g</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v(t)=-{\frac {mg}{\beta }}\left(1-e^{-\beta t/m}\right)+v_{0}e^{-\beta t/m}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6d2e2dce3626d6a3b1cee8e8f4a8e2deea2a9674.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:37.653ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v(t)=-{\frac {mg}{\beta }}\left(1-e^{-\beta t/m}\right)+v_{0}e^{-\beta t/m}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>für die Geschwindigkeit und
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z(t)=\left(v_{0}+{\frac {mg}{\beta }}\right)\left({\frac {m}{\beta }}\right)\left(1-e^{-\beta t/m}\right)-{\frac {mg}{\beta }}t+z_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>g</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>g</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z(t)=\left(v_{0}+{\frac {mg}{\beta }}\right)\left({\frac {m}{\beta }}\right)\left(1-e^{-\beta t/m}\right)-{\frac {mg}{\beta }}t+z_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/581ceaa2c28e6a3a59a014b03786a763faa6c38b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:52.165ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z(t)=\left(v_{0}+{\frac {mg}{\beta }}\right)\left({\frac {m}{\beta }}\right)\left(1-e^{-\beta t/m}\right)-{\frac {mg}{\beta }}t+z_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>für die Höhe. Sowohl die Geschwindigkeit als auch die zurückgelegte Strecke des fallenden Gegenstands hängen von seiner Masse ab, was der Alltagserfahrung entspricht. Die <a href="Geschwindigkeit#Endgeschwindigkeit" title="Geschwindigkeit">Grenzgeschwindigkeit</a>, welche sich für einen freien Fall mit Stokes-Reibung einstellen würde, beträgt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lim _{t\to \infty }v(t)=v_{\infty }=-{\frac {mg}{\beta }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<munder>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">lim</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>g</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lim _{t\to \infty }v(t)=v_{\infty }=-{\frac {mg}{\beta }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2e981bc852a69bb234d45a41328f50be02e013a5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:23.044ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lim _{t\to \infty }v(t)=v_{\infty }=-{\frac {mg}{\beta }}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fall_mit_Luftwiderstand:_Newton-Reibung">Fall mit Luftwiderstand: Newton-Reibung</h3></div>
<div class="sieheauch" role="navigation" style="font-style:italic;"><span class="sieheauch-text">Siehe auch</span>: <a href="Newtonsches_Reibungsgesetz" title="Newtonsches Reibungsgesetz">Newton-Reibung</a></div>
<p>Ab einer gewissen kritischen Geschwindigkeit (siehe <a href="Reynolds-Zahl" title="Reynolds-Zahl">Reynolds-Zahl</a>) geht die laminare Luftströmung am Körper vorbei in eine turbulente über. Dies führt dazu, dass der <a href="Luftwiderstand#Abhängigkeit_des_Strömungswiderstandes" class="mw-redirect" title="Luftwiderstand">Luftwiderstand</a> nun quadratisch von der Geschwindigkeit abhängt: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{W}=kv^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>W</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<msup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{W}=kv^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/37f3c1c53f804e75ca5b3b5f7b0d2bbc8251c088.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.94ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{W}=kv^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>Aus der Bewegungsgleichung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m{\ddot {z}}=-mg+kv^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>¨<!-- ¨ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<msup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m{\ddot {z}}=-mg+kv^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cc37cffb653a752f579eaaafdb2dd04c957e1e71.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:17.633ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m{\ddot {z}}=-mg+kv^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> für eine Bewegung nach unten (d. h. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v<0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
<mo><</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v<0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b7879d28438e718df4724d23bd98099833fe3e66.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.389ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v<0}" loading="lazy"></span>) folgt die Differentialgleichung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m{\dot {v}}=-mg+kv^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<msup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m{\dot {v}}=-mg+kv^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cbb35fc4c5dfec36881013c7a7a658cac18098ef.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:17.564ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m{\dot {v}}=-mg+kv^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Diese Differentialgleichung ist vom <a href="Riccatische_Differentialgleichung" title="Riccatische Differentialgleichung">Riccatischen Typus</a> und somit bei Kenntnis einer partikulären Lösung analytisch lösbar. Eine partikuläre Lösung entspricht dem stationären Zustand
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v(t\rightarrow \infty )=v_{\infty }=-{\sqrt {mg/k}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>k</mi>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v(t\rightarrow \infty )=v_{\infty }=-{\sqrt {mg/k}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4415d4466693b94922205745b2050a14fe14f618.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:28.576ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v(t\rightarrow \infty )=v_{\infty }=-{\sqrt {mg/k}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Daraus ergibt sich für die Geschwindigkeit
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v(t)=-v_{\infty }\tanh \left({\frac {gt}{v_{\infty }}}-\operatorname {artanh} \left({\frac {v_{0}}{v_{\infty }}}\right)\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>tanh</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>g</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>artanh</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v(t)=-v_{\infty }\tanh \left({\frac {gt}{v_{\infty }}}-\operatorname {artanh} \left({\frac {v_{0}}{v_{\infty }}}\right)\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5d870db474f7692991fca642b909b85fe9e83018.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:40.813ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v(t)=-v_{\infty }\tanh \left({\frac {gt}{v_{\infty }}}-\operatorname {artanh} \left({\frac {v_{0}}{v_{\infty }}}\right)\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tanh(x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>tanh</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tanh(x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/260462b0d0310903be779b07dbbfc1c0273520a6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.791ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tanh(x)}" loading="lazy"></span> der <a href="Tangens_hyperbolicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangens hyperbolicus">Tangens hyperbolicus</a>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {artanh} (x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>artanh</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {artanh} (x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cbe595bbd9109eafa46481843fe17e67d818875f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.865ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {artanh} (x)}" loading="lazy"></span> der <a href="Areatangens_hyperbolicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Areatangens hyperbolicus">Areatangens hyperbolicus</a> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{0}:=v(t=0)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{0}:=v(t=0)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4ecafe2efccb48606843845353aa1d25ea4bfaa7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.965ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{0}:=v(t=0)}" loading="lazy"></span> ist
und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |v_{0}|<|v_{\infty }|}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo><</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |v_{0}|<|v_{\infty }|}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9c41af0be0f3313446622801db292651fa569200.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.871ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |v_{0}|<|v_{\infty }|}" loading="lazy"></span> gelten muss.
</p>
<p>Der Weg ergibt sich dann direkt als Integral der Geschwindigkeit über der Zeit zu
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z(t)=-{\frac {v_{\infty }^{2}}{g}}\ln {\Biggl (}{\sqrt {1-{\frac {v_{0}^{2}}{v_{\infty }^{2}}}}}\cosh \left({\frac {gt}{v_{\infty }}}-\operatorname {artanh} \left({\frac {v_{0}}{v_{\infty }}}\right)\right){\Biggr )}+z_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msubsup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>g</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OPEN">
<mo maxsize="2.470em" minsize="2.470em">(</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msubsup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msubsup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mi>cosh</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>g</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>artanh</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-CLOSE">
<mo maxsize="2.470em" minsize="2.470em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z(t)=-{\frac {v_{\infty }^{2}}{g}}\ln {\Biggl (}{\sqrt {1-{\frac {v_{0}^{2}}{v_{\infty }^{2}}}}}\cosh \left({\frac {gt}{v_{\infty }}}-\operatorname {artanh} \left({\frac {v_{0}}{v_{\infty }}}\right)\right){\Biggr )}+z_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7f9f94e00fa43050d0503f15702e20f6de0ee5d9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:62.897ex; height:7.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z(t)=-{\frac {v_{\infty }^{2}}{g}}\ln {\Biggl (}{\sqrt {1-{\frac {v_{0}^{2}}{v_{\infty }^{2}}}}}\cosh \left({\frac {gt}{v_{\infty }}}-\operatorname {artanh} \left({\frac {v_{0}}{v_{\infty }}}\right)\right){\Biggr )}+z_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ln(x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ln(x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0df055b8e294310e6785701c1c67105e109191d8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.078ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ln(x)}" loading="lazy"></span> der <a href="Logarithmus_naturalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Logarithmus naturalis">Logarithmus naturalis</a>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \cosh(x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>cosh</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \cosh(x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/17450bb663b0b6cf7eb46bcbef41236a21dffe6b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.543ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \cosh(x)}" loading="lazy"></span> der <a href="Cosinus_hyperbolicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosinus hyperbolicus">Cosinus hyperbolicus</a> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z_{0}:=z(t=0)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z_{0}:=z(t=0)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/28f664cc303ae5f0317e11cd5e4f27328092bc53.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.879ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z_{0}:=z(t=0)}" loading="lazy"></span> ist.
</p><p>Da die Geschwindigkeit quadratisch in die Bewegungsgleichung eingeht, muss der Vorzeichenwechsel bei Bewegungsumkehr im Reibungsterm explizit durch Fallunterscheidung berücksichtigt werden. Die allgemeine Bewegungsgleichung lautet daher
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m{\ddot {z}}=-mg-\operatorname {sgn}(v)kv^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>¨<!-- ¨ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>sgn</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<msup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m{\ddot {z}}=-mg-\operatorname {sgn}(v)kv^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/01ede732537087a20308dc2543c5a6ef157aee33.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:23.941ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m{\ddot {z}}=-mg-\operatorname {sgn} (v)kv^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Die Lösungen für Zeiten mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v(t)>0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v(t)>0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e921002c588f428655d842c9d1e48ce7de29f49d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.037ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v(t)>0}" loading="lazy"></span> (momentane Bewegung nach oben) folgen aus obigen Lösungen durch die Substitution <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k\rightarrow -k}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>k</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k\rightarrow -k}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7934003d663d271454e6b15ecf9e3d5a8ef3e237.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:7.845ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k\rightarrow -k}" loading="lazy"></span>. Die Konstante <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}" loading="lazy"></span> ist von der Form des Körpers und von der <a href="Dichte" title="Dichte">Dichte</a> des strömenden Mediums (etwa der Luft) abhängig. Es gilt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k={\frac {1}{2}}c_{\mathrm {w} }A\rho }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">w</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>A</mi>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k={\frac {1}{2}}c_{\mathrm {w} }A\rho }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f3ad36de68e7f045a1135e1383025863cdf2a69c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:11.679ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k={\frac {1}{2}}c_{\mathrm {w} }A\rho }" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c_{\mathrm {w} }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">w</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c_{\mathrm {w} }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6b6165d41d3b2638c7dfd71f6f0efc3f551cd676.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.426ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c_{\mathrm {w} }}" loading="lazy"></span> der <a href="Str%C3%B6mungswiderstandskoeffizient" title="Strömungswiderstandskoeffizient">Widerstandsbeiwert</a>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> die Körperquerschnittsfläche und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1f7d439671d1289b6a816e6af7a304be40608d64.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.202ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho }" loading="lazy"></span> die Dichte des umgebenden Mediums (Luft) ist.
</p>
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Beispiel:_Meteoroid">Beispiel: Meteoroid</h4></div>
<p>Im Folgenden wird angenommen, dass ein kugelförmiger <a href="Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">Meteoroid</a> mit dem Querschnitt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> und der Masse <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>m</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0a07d98bb302f3856cbabc47b2b9016692e3f7bc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.04ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m}" loading="lazy"></span> in die Erdatmosphäre eindringt und dabei abgebremst wird. Gesucht sind die Geschwindigkeit und Bremsbeschleunigung des Meteoroiden als Funktion der Höhe über dem Erdboden. Dabei wird von reiner Newton-Reibung ausgegangen, d. h. Effekte durch Überschall, Erhitzung der Luft sowie Druckminderung bis nahe an das Vakuum werden vernachlässigt. Die Gravitationsbeschleunigung der Erde wird mit zunehmender Höhe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/66abbb8ae1d9f30bb529739b109e1e5bbe83c626.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.988ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> über der Erdoberfläche kleiner. Es gilt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{\mathrm {grav} }=-g\cdot \left({\frac {r}{r+h(t)}}\right)^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">v</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{\mathrm {grav} }=-g\cdot \left({\frac {r}{r+h(t)}}\right)^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7093df524046dc91b97d9ecef83f026f300494c6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:25.509ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{\mathrm {grav} }=-g\cdot \left({\frac {r}{r+h(t)}}\right)^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}" loading="lazy"></span> den Erdradius bezeichnet. Nach der <a href="Barometrische_H%C3%B6henformel" title="Barometrische Höhenformel">barometrischen Höhenformel</a> beträgt die Luftdichte in dieser Höhe
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho (h)=\rho _{0}\cdot e^{-{\frac {Mg}{RT}}h(t)}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>M</mi>
<mi>g</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>R</mi>
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho (h)=\rho _{0}\cdot e^{-{\frac {Mg}{RT}}h(t)}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f0450e39f91a09749183b83f691641e6eb8edaca.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.324ex; height:4.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho (h)=\rho _{0}\cdot e^{-{\frac {Mg}{RT}}h(t)}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Dabei ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho _{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho _{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d9c04a9d26b86af8c6205ba2a6287fd655b6b714.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.256ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho _{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> die Luftdichte am Erdboden, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}" loading="lazy"></span> die mittlere <a href="Molare_Masse" title="Molare Masse">molare Masse</a> der Atmosphärengase (0,02896 kg mol<sup>−1</sup>), <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R\,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>R</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R\,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/293563891196765d2d51e0dd54e1ae1000ba9def.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.151ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R\,}" loading="lazy"></span> die <a href="Universelle_Gaskonstante" class="mw-redirect" title="Universelle Gaskonstante">universelle Gaskonstante</a> (8,314 J K<sup>−1</sup> mol<sup>−1</sup>) und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T\,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T\,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/476a8389064c06ab89963a2467aef525838da0cf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.023ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T\,}" loading="lazy"></span> die <a href="Absolute_Temperatur" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute Temperatur">absolute Temperatur</a>. Der <a href="Str%C3%B6mungswiderstand" title="Strömungswiderstand">Strömungswiderstand</a> der Luft <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{L}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>L</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{L}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/55bfc02475c3cae649431c69de25b55862e66f5d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.846ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{L}}" loading="lazy"></span> bei der Geschwindigkeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/243a0bf98a12f48552ba6a70302122d81b237b3d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.777ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> ist von dieser Dichte abhängig:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{L}={\frac {1}{2}}\rho (h)C_{w}Av^{2}(t).}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>L</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msub>
<mi>C</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>w</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>A</mi>
<msup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{L}={\frac {1}{2}}\rho (h)C_{w}Av^{2}(t).}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/831f0fe59f8e6abed5c1243f5338dd9e0584b80e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:22.585ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{L}={\frac {1}{2}}\rho (h)C_{w}Av^{2}(t).}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die effektive Beschleunigung auf den Meteoroid der Masse <i>m</i> entspricht der Gravitationsbeschleunigung abzüglich der Bremsbeschleunigung:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{\mathrm {eff} }={\ddot {h}}(t)=a_{\mathrm {grav} }+{\frac {F_{L}}{m}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo>¨<!-- ¨ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">v</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>L</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>m</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{\mathrm {eff} }={\ddot {h}}(t)=a_{\mathrm {grav} }+{\frac {F_{L}}{m}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a3198301ab70753fa2acb7ada11a7c1cbd205f1a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:24.742ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{\mathrm {eff} }={\ddot {h}}(t)=a_{\mathrm {grav} }+{\frac {F_{L}}{m}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Setzen wir die obigen Formeln in diese Gleichung ein, so ergibt sich die Bewegungsgleichung des Meteoroiden:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ddot {h}}(t)+g\left({\frac {r}{r+h(t)}}\right)^{2}-{\frac {1}{2m}}\rho _{0}\ \cdot e^{-{\frac {Mg}{RT}}h(t)}C_{w}A\cdot {\dot {h}}^{2}(t)=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo>¨<!-- ¨ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>M</mi>
<mi>g</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>R</mi>
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msub>
<mi>C</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>w</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ddot {h}}(t)+g\left({\frac {r}{r+h(t)}}\right)^{2}-{\frac {1}{2m}}\rho _{0}\ \cdot e^{-{\frac {Mg}{RT}}h(t)}C_{w}A\cdot {\dot {h}}^{2}(t)=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b2b128138db555b3803d36d46a0083369f91f321.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:56.617ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ddot {h}}(t)+g\left({\frac {r}{r+h(t)}}\right)^{2}-{\frac {1}{2m}}\rho _{0}\ \cdot e^{-{\frac {Mg}{RT}}h(t)}C_{w}A\cdot {\dot {h}}^{2}(t)=0}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>In den nebenstehenden Diagrammen wurde die Bewegungsgleichung für einen <a href="Eisenmeteorit" title="Eisenmeteorit">Eisenmeteorit</a> mit dem Volumen <i>V</i> = 1 cm³ und der Masse <i>m</i> = 7,874 g <a href="Numerische_Mathematik" title="Numerische Mathematik">numerisch gelöst</a>. Dabei hat der Meteoroid jeweils die <a href="Anfangsgeschwindigkeit" class="mw-redirect" title="Anfangsgeschwindigkeit">Anfangsgeschwindigkeiten</a> <i>v</i><sub>0 1</sub> = 15 km/s, <i>v</i><sub>0 2</sub> = 25 km/s oder <i>v</i><sub>0 3</sub> = 35 km/s. Es stellt sich heraus, dass ein solcher Körper stets im selben Höhenbereich abgebremst wird, wobei eine größere Masse bei gleichbleibender Dichte alle Kurven in den Diagrammen lediglich nach links verschiebt. Da eine Beschleunigung von 1 km/s² etwa der 102-fachen Erdbeschleunigung entspricht, sind schnelle Meteoroiden einer enormen Kraft ausgesetzt, welche diese in Fragmente zerreißt und aufgrund der hohen Reibungswärme verglühen lässt. Das so entstehende Licht macht einen kleinen Teil der Leuchterscheinung einer <a href="Meteor#Sternschnuppen_und_Feuerkugeln" title="Meteor">Sternschnuppe</a> aus.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siehe_auch">Siehe auch</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Methode_der_kleinen_Schritte" class="mw-redirect" title="Methode der kleinen Schritte">Methode der kleinen Schritte</a></li>
<li><a href="Wurfparabel#Wurfparabel_mit_Luftwiderstand" title="Wurfparabel">Wurfparabel mit Luftwiderstand</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.virtual-maxim.de/downloads/freier%20fall%20mit%20und%20ohne%20luftwiderstand.pdf">Freier Fall mit und ohne Luftwiderstand</a> (PDF; 484 kB) mit Herleitung des Luftwiderstands.</li></ul></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
Dieser Artikel wurde von <a class="external text" title="Zuletzt bearbeitet am 2025-12-31" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Fall_mit_Luftwiderstand&oldid=262896862">Wikipedia</a> herausgegeben. Der Text ist unter <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.de">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> verfügbar, sofern nicht anders angegeben. Für die Mediendateien können zusätzliche Bedingungen gelten.
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